- SHOW ~ Grass Genera - character list.
- COMMENT
*CHARACTER LIST
#1. including <synonyms: ‘genera’ included in the current description>/
#2. <longevity of plants>/
1. annual <or biennial, without remains of old sheaths or culms>/
2. perennial <with remains of old sheaths and/or culms>/
#3. <mature> culms <maximum height: data unreliable for large genera>/
cm high/
#4. culms <whether woody or herbaceous>/
1. woody and persistent/
2. herbaceous <not woody, not persistent>/
#5. culms <whether branched above>/
1. branched <vegetatively> above/
2. unbranched <vegetatively> above/
#6. culm nodes <whether hairy or glabrous>/
1. hairy/
2. glabrous/
#7. leaf blades <shape: data incomplete>/
1. linear/
2. linear-lanceolate/
3. lanceolate/
4. ovate-lanceolate/
5. ovate/
6. elliptic <oblong>/
7. obovate/
#8. leaf blades <mid-width: data very incomplete>/
mm wide/
#9. leaf blades <whether pseudopetiolate>/
1. pseudopetiolate/
2. not pseudopetiolate <<implicit>>/
#10. <adaxial> ligule <presence>/
1. <consistently> present <<implicit>>/
2. absent <at least from upper leaves>/
#11. <adaxial> ligule <form; avoid seedlings>/
1. an unfringed membrane <may be variously hairy or ciliolate>/
2. a fringed membrane/
3. a fringe of hairs/
4. a rim of minute papillae/
#12. plants <whether monoecious, with bisexual spikelets, or dioecious>/
1. <bisexual, but> monoecious with all the fertile spikelets unisexual/
2. bisexual, with <at least some> bisexual spikelets/
3. dioecious <with separate male and female-fertile individuals>/
#13. inflorescence <chasmogamous: overall form>/
1. a single spike/
2. of spicate <spike-like> main branches <of spikes, narrow racemes or narrow panicles>/
3. a false spike, with spikelets <or spikelet clusters> on contracted axes/
4. a single raceme <at least some of the spikelets clearly pedicellate>/
5. paniculate <and not readily referable to any of the other states>/
#14. inflorescence <whether open or contracted: mainly applied to panicles>/
1. open/
2. contracted <very compact, or narrow and spike-like>/
#15. inflorescence <whether comprising a complex of ‘partial inflorescences’ and intervening foliar organs (= leaves, spathes, spatheoles)>/
1. a complex of ‘partial inflorescences’ and intervening
foliar organs <i.e., a ‘pseudo-inflorescence’>/
2. not comprising ‘partial inflorescences’ and foliar organs/
#16. spikelet-bearing axes <whether disarticulating; note that spikelet-bearing
axes may be greatly reduced>/
1. disarticulating <often manifested in clearly articulated rachides.
Excluding inflorescences falling whole (tumbleweeds)>/
2. persistent <not disarticulating: implicit>/
#17. spikelet-bearing axes <manner of disarticulation>/
1. falling entire/
2. disarticulating at the joints/
#18. spikelets <grouping: recorded mainly in spikes and racemes>/
1. <mainly> solitary/
2. <consistently> paired/
3. <consistently> in triplets/
#19. spikelets <whether secund>/
1. secund/
2. not secund/
#20. spikelets <whether in regular ‘long-and-short’
combinations, as exemplified in typical andropogonoids>/
1. consistently in ‘long-and-short’ combinations <i.e.,
pedicellate/sessile or long-pedicel/short-pedicel pairs or triplets:
currently includes andropogonoid forms with the pedicellate
‘spikelets’ reduced to their pedicels>/
2. not <consistently> in distinct ‘long-and-short’ combinations
<<implicit>>/
#21. spikelets <detail of ‘long-and-short’ combinations
(intended mainly for andropogonoids)>/
1. in pedicellate/sessile combinations/
2. unequally pedicellate in each combination/
#22. pedicels of the ‘pedicellate’ spikelets <whether fused with
the rachis: intended for andropogonoids>/
1. discernible, but <extensively> fused with the rachis/
2. free of the rachis/
#23. the ‘shorter’ <andropogonoid> spikelets <sessile or
shorter-pedicelled, sexuality>/
1. hermaphrodite/
2. female-only/
3. male-only/
4. sterile/
#24. the ‘longer’ <andropogonoid> spikelets <pedicelled or longer-pedicelled, sexuality>/
1. hermaphrodite/
2. female-only/
3. male-only/
4. sterile <comment if reduced to pedicels>/
#25. <comments on female-sterile spikelets>/
#26. <female-fertile> spikelets <approximate length, excluding any awns>/
mm long/
#27. <female-fertile> spikelets <plane of compression>/
1. compressed laterally <lying on the side when placed on a flat
surface>/
2. not noticeably compressed <terete>/
3. compressed <dorsally, ventrally or> dorsiventrally <lying on front or
back when placed on a flat surface>/
#28. <female-fertile> spikelets <location of disarticulation positions>/
1. <readily> disarticulating above the glumes <when mature>/
2. disarticulating between the glumes/
3. falling with the glumes <when mature> <pending data changes, including
forms where the spikelets are shed by inflorescence disarticulation>/
4. not disarticulating <common in cultivated cereals>/
#29. <female-fertile> spikelets <whether rachilla disarticulates between the
florets of spikelets with two or more fertile florets>/
1. not disarticulating between the florets/
2. disarticulating between the florets/
#30. rachilla <of female-fertile spikelets, whether terminated by a
female-fertile floret, or ‘prolonged’>/
1. prolonged beyond the uppermost female-fertile floret <i.e. not
terminated by a female-fertile floret: note that
‘racemose’ spikelets with three or more female-fertile
florets have all been awarded this state>/
2. terminated by a female-fertile floret <not
‘prolonged’>/
#31. hairy callus <presence>/
1. present/
2. absent/
#32. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, present or absent>/
1. present <<implicit>>/
2. absent/
#33. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, number: ‘glumes’ are
barren, with neither axillary spikelets nor florets>/
1. one per spikelet/
2. two/
3. several/
#34. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, whether markedly unequal in the intact
spikelet; regardless of any differences in form>/
1. very unequal <in length in the intact spikelet>/
2. more or less equal <in length in the intact spikelet: generally
includes ‘subequal’>/
#35. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, lengths relative to proximal
(adjacent) lemmas; refers to the longer glume when glumes unequal>/
1. <decidedly> shorter than the adjacent lemmas <in intact spikelets>/
2. long relative to the adjacent lemmas <more or less equalling or
exceeding them>/
#36. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, whether awned>/
1. awned/
2. awnless/
#37. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, whether carinate (i.e., one-keeled to
middle or below)>/
1. carinate <one-keeled>/
2. non-carinate <includes forms with more than one keel, as well as those
with non-keeled glumes>/
#38. upper glume <(or the single glume) of female-fertile spikelets, mid-zone
nerve number>/
nerved/
#39. <female-fertile> spikelets <whether containing sterile or male-only florets
in addition to female-fertile florets>/
1. <normally> with female-fertile florets only/
2. <or at least some of them, normally> with incomplete <sterile or
male-only> florets <note that the situation at the apex of spikelets
with more than three florets is often unknown or unclear>/
#40. the incomplete <male or sterile> florets <position in spikelet>/
1. proximal to the female-fertile florets/
2. distal to the female-fertile florets/
3. both distal and proximal to the female-fertile florets/
#41. the proximal incomplete florets <of the female-fertile spikelets, when
present, number (intended mainly for panicoids)>/
#42. the proximal incomplete florets <of the female-fertile spikelets:
sexuality>/
1. male/
2. sterile/
#43. the proximal <imperfect> lemmas <of the female-fertile spikelets: whether
awned>/
1. awned/
2. awnless/
#44. <number of> female-fertile florets <per female-fertile spikelet>/
#45. <female-fertile> lemmas <shape of apex>/
1. entire/
2. incised/
#46. <female-fertile> lemmas <entire, whether pointed or blunt>/
1. pointed/
2. blunt/
#47. <female-fertile> lemmas <whether mucronate or awned>/
1. awnless <neither mucronate nor awned>/
2. mucronate <with a short, hard point or vestigial or incipient awn>/
3. awned/
#48. awns <of female-fertile lemmas, if present, number>/
#49. awns <of female-fertile lemmas, position of (main, median)>/
1. from a sinus/
2. dorsal/
3. apical/
#50. awns <of female-fertile lemmas, whether straight or geniculate when dry>/
1. non-geniculate <straight or curved>/
2. geniculate <usually twisted at the base>/
#51. awns <main, median of the female-fertile lemmas, relative length>/
1. much shorter than the body of the lemma/
2. about as long as the body of the lemma/
3. much longer than the body of the lemma/
#52. <female-fertile> lemmas <whether carinate (i.e., one-keeled at least to the
middle on the back>/
1. carinate <with a single median keel>/
2. non-carinate <rounded, flat, with two or more keels>/
#53. <female-fertile> lemmas <presence of germination flap>/
1. with a clear germination flap <when mature>/
2. without a germination flap/
#54. <female-fertile> lemmas <number of nerves traversing mid-region>/
nerved/
#55. palea <female-fertile, presence in female-fertile florets>/
1. present/
2. absent/
#56. palea <female-fertile, relative size>/
1. relatively long <three-quarters or more of female-fertile lemma length>/
2. conspicuous but relatively short <less than three-quarters of
female-fertile lemma length>/
3. very reduced <or vestigial>/
#57. lodicules <presence in female-fertile florets>/
1. present/
2. absent/
#58. lodicules <of female-fertile florets, texture>/
1. <distally> fleshy <‘cuneate’; panicoid type>/
2. <distally> membranous <i.e. pooid type>/
#59. lodicules <of female-fertile florets, whether hairy>/
1. ciliate <or hairy>/
2. glabrous/
#60. stamens <number per female-fertile floret (not applicable to male spikelets
or male florets)>/
#61. ovary <of female-fertile florets, whether apex glabrous or hairy>/
1. glabrous/
2. hairy/
#62. stigmas <number>/
#63. stigmas <colour, in chasmogamous spikelets>/
1. white/
2. red <anthocyanin> pigmented/
3. <golden> brown/
#64. fruit <length when mature>/
1. small <less than 4 mm>/
2. medium sized <4–10 mm>/
3. large <more than 10 mm long>/
#65. fruit <or grain surface pattern>/
1. sculptured/
2. <relatively> smooth <the near-universal condition: implicit>/
#66. hilum <form>/
1. short <punctiform or shortly elliptical, less than half length of
fruit>/
2. long-linear <more than half as long as fruit>/
#67. pericarp <whether fused or loose (or free)>/
1. free/
2. loosely adherent <fairly easily removable when soaked>/
3. fused <implicit, except in Arundinoideae and Chloridoideae>/
#68. <maximum cells-distant count; reliably indicative of photosynthetic pathway>/
1. <showing a maximum cells-distant count of one, reliably predicting>
C\sub{}4\nosupersub{}/
2. <showing a maximum cells-distant count of two or more, reliably
predicting> C\sub{}3\nosupersub{}/
#69. <C\sub{}4\nosupersub{}> biochemical type <as determined by enzyme assay>/
1. PCK/
2. NAD–ME/
3. NADP–ME/
#70. <leaf blade XyMS: reliably indicative of C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} type>/
1. XyMS+ <C\sub{}3\nosupersub{}, or C\sub{}4\nosupersub{}
‘aspartate formers’ type PCK or NAD–ME
(exceptions: Eriachneae)>/
2. XyMS– <C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} ‘malate formers’,
type NADP–ME>/
#71. <leaf blade> mesophyll <presence of arm cells (= ‘ratchet’ cells)>/
1. with arm cells/
2. without arm cells <implicit when ts adequately described>/
#72. <leaf blade> mesophyll <presence of fusoid cells>/
1. with fusoids/
2. without fusoids <implicit when ts adequately described>/
#73. midrib <of the leaf blade, prominence>/
1. conspicuous <prominent in the outline, with distinctive sclerenchyma, etc.>/
2. not readily distinguishable <other than by position>/
#74. midrib <of the mid leaf blade, vascularization>/
1. with one bundle only/
2. having a conventional arc of bundles <i.e. at least three bundles>/
3. having complex vascularization <i.e. with more than one bundle, not
arranged in a conventional arc>/
#75. midrib <and/or middle part of leaf blade, whether extensively of colourless
cells adaxially>/
1. with <conspicuous> colourless tissue adaxially/
2. without <conspicuous> colourless tissue adaxially <implicit when ts
adequately described>/
#76. <presence in the leaf blade of small vascular bundles unaccompanied by sclerenchyma>/
1. many of the smallest vascular bundles unaccompanied by sclerenchyma/
2. all <or nearly all> the vascular bundles accompanied by sclerenchyma/
#77. <\i{}Zea mays\i0{}>/
1. fruiting inflorescence a massive, spatheate cob, the fruits in many rows/
2. fruiting inflorescence not as in maize <<implicit>>/
#78. <subfamily>/
1. Pooideae/
2. Bambusoideae/
3. Arundinoideae/
4. Chloridoideae/
5. Panicoideae/
#79. <supertribes of Watson \i{}et al\i0{}. 1985, with name endings changed>/
1. Triticodae/
2. Poodae/
3. Oryzodae/
4. Bambusodae/
5. Panicodae/
6. Andropogonodae/
#80. <tribe of Pooideae>/
1. Triticeae/
2. Brachypodieae/
3. Bromeae/
4. Aveneae <including Agrostideae, Phalarideae>/
5. Meliceae/
6. Seslerieae/
7. Poeae <including Hainardieae, Monermeae>/
#81. <tribe of Bambusoideae>/
1. Oryzeae/
2. Olyreae/
3. Centotheceae/
4. Anomochloeae/
5. Brachyelytreae/
6. Diarrheneae/
7. Ehrharteae/
8. Phaenospermateae/
9. Phyllorhachideae/
10. Phareae/
11. Streptochaeteae/
12. Streptogyneae/
13. Guaduelleae/
14. Puelieae/
15. Bambuseae/
#82. <tribe of Arundinoideae>/
1. Steyermarkochloeae/
2. Stipeae/
3. Nardeae/
4. Lygeae/
5. Arundineae/
6. Danthonieae <and satellites>/
7. Cyperochloeae/
8. Micraireae/
9. Spartochloeae/
10. Aristideae/
11. Eriachneae/
12. Amphipogoneae/
#83. <tribe/assemblage of Chloridoideae>/
1. Pappophoreae/
2. Orcuttieae/
3. Triodieae/
4. main chloridoid assemblage <including Chlorideae, Cynodonteae,
Eragrosteae, Sporoboleae, Aeluropodeae, Jouveae, Unioleae, Leptureae,
Lappagineae, Spartineae, Trageae, Perotideae, Pommereulleae>/
#84. <tribe of Panicoideae>/
1. Isachneae/
2. Paniceae/
3. Neurachneae/
4. Arundinelleae/
5. Andropogoneae/
6. Maydeae/
#85. <number of species>/
species/
#86. <floristic Kingdoms: after Takhtajan 1969>/
1. Holarctic/
2. Paleotropical/
3. Neotropical/
4. Cape/
5. Australian/
6. Antarctic/
#87. <leaf anatomical references>/
#88. <illustrations:>/
#89. <abbreviated taxon name:>/
*COMMENT
