NaviKey sample data/DeltaChars

• SHOW ~ Grass Genera - character list.

• CHARACTER LIST

1. 1. including <synonyms: ‘genera’ included in the current description>/

1. 2. <longevity of plants>/

      1. annual <or biennial, without remains of old sheaths or culms>/
      2. perennial <with remains of old sheaths and/or culms>/

1. 3. <mature> culms <maximum height: data unreliable for large genera>/

      cm high/

1. 4. culms <whether woody or herbaceous>/

      1. woody and persistent/
      2. herbaceous <not woody, not persistent>/

1. 5. culms <whether branched above>/

      1. branched <vegetatively> above/
      2. unbranched <vegetatively> above/

1. 6. culm nodes <whether hairy or glabrous>/

      1. hairy/
      2. glabrous/

1. 7. leaf blades <shape: data incomplete>/

      1. linear/
      2. linear-lanceolate/
      3. lanceolate/
      4. ovate-lanceolate/
      5. ovate/
      6. elliptic <oblong>/
      7. obovate/

1. 8. leaf blades <mid-width: data very incomplete>/

      mm wide/

1. 9. leaf blades <whether pseudopetiolate>/

      1. pseudopetiolate/
      2. not pseudopetiolate <<implicit>>/

1. 10. <adaxial> ligule <presence>/

      1. <consistently> present <<implicit>>/
      2. absent <at least from upper leaves>/

1. 11. <adaxial> ligule <form; avoid seedlings>/

      1. an unfringed membrane <may be variously hairy or ciliolate>/
      2. a fringed membrane/
      3. a fringe of hairs/
      4. a rim of minute papillae/

1. 12. plants <whether monoecious, with bisexual spikelets, or dioecious>/

      1. <bisexual, but> monoecious with all the fertile spikelets unisexual/
      2. bisexual, with <at least some> bisexual spikelets/
      3. dioecious <with separate male and female-fertile individuals>/

1. 13. inflorescence <chasmogamous: overall form>/

      1. a single spike/
      2. of spicate <spike-like> main branches <of spikes, narrow racemes or narrow panicles>/
      3. a false spike, with spikelets <or spikelet clusters> on contracted axes/
      4. a single raceme <at least some of the spikelets clearly pedicellate>/
      5. paniculate <and not readily referable to any of the other states>/

1. 14. inflorescence <whether open or contracted: mainly applied to panicles>/

      1. open/
      2. contracted <very compact, or narrow and spike-like>/

1. 15. inflorescence <whether comprising a complex of ‘partial inflorescences’ and intervening foliar organs (= leaves, spathes, spatheoles)>/

      1. a complex of ‘partial inflorescences’ and intervening
         foliar organs <i.e., a ‘pseudo-inflorescence’>/
      2. not comprising ‘partial inflorescences’ and foliar organs/

1. 16. spikelet-bearing axes <whether disarticulating; note that spikelet-bearing

         axes may be greatly reduced>/
      1. disarticulating <often manifested in clearly articulated rachides.
         Excluding inflorescences falling whole (tumbleweeds)>/
      2. persistent <not disarticulating: implicit>/

1. 17. spikelet-bearing axes <manner of disarticulation>/

      1. falling entire/
      2. disarticulating at the joints/

1. 18. spikelets <grouping: recorded mainly in spikes and racemes>/

      1. <mainly> solitary/
      2. <consistently> paired/
      3. <consistently> in triplets/

1. 19. spikelets <whether secund>/

      1. secund/
      2. not secund/

1. 20. spikelets <whether in regular ‘long-and-short’

         combinations, as exemplified in typical andropogonoids>/
      1. consistently in ‘long-and-short’ combinations <i.e.,
         pedicellate/sessile or long-pedicel/short-pedicel pairs or triplets:
         currently includes andropogonoid forms with the pedicellate
         ‘spikelets’ reduced to their pedicels>/
      2. not <consistently> in distinct ‘long-and-short’ combinations
         <<implicit>>/

1. 21. spikelets <detail of ‘long-and-short’ combinations

         (intended mainly for andropogonoids)>/
      1. in pedicellate/sessile combinations/
      2. unequally pedicellate in each combination/

1. 22. pedicels of the ‘pedicellate’ spikelets <whether fused with

         the rachis: intended for andropogonoids>/
      1. discernible, but <extensively> fused with the rachis/
      2. free of the rachis/

1. 23. the ‘shorter’ <andropogonoid> spikelets <sessile or

         shorter-pedicelled, sexuality>/
      1. hermaphrodite/
      2. female-only/
      3. male-only/
      4. sterile/

1. 24. the ‘longer’ <andropogonoid> spikelets <pedicelled or longer-pedicelled, sexuality>/

      1. hermaphrodite/
      2. female-only/
      3. male-only/
      4. sterile <comment if reduced to pedicels>/

1. 25. <comments on female-sterile spikelets>/

1. 26. <female-fertile> spikelets <approximate length, excluding any awns>/

      mm long/

1. 27. <female-fertile> spikelets <plane of compression>/

      1. compressed laterally <lying on the side when placed on a flat
         surface>/
      2. not noticeably compressed <terete>/
      3. compressed <dorsally, ventrally or> dorsiventrally <lying on front or
         back when placed on a flat surface>/

1. 28. <female-fertile> spikelets <location of disarticulation positions>/

      1. <readily> disarticulating above the glumes <when mature>/
      2. disarticulating between the glumes/
      3. falling with the glumes <when mature> <pending data changes, including
         forms where the spikelets are shed by inflorescence disarticulation>/
      4. not disarticulating <common in cultivated cereals>/

1. 29. <female-fertile> spikelets <whether rachilla disarticulates between the

         florets of spikelets with two or more fertile florets>/
      1. not disarticulating between the florets/
      2. disarticulating between the florets/

1. 30. rachilla <of female-fertile spikelets, whether terminated by a

         female-fertile floret, or ‘prolonged’>/
      1. prolonged beyond the uppermost female-fertile floret <i.e. not
         terminated by a female-fertile floret: note that
         ‘racemose’ spikelets with three or more female-fertile
         florets have all been awarded this state>/
      2. terminated by a female-fertile floret <not
         ‘prolonged’>/

1. 31. hairy callus <presence>/

      1. present/
      2. absent/

1. 32. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, present or absent>/

      1. present <<implicit>>/
      2. absent/

1. 33. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, number: ‘glumes’ are

         barren, with neither axillary spikelets nor florets>/
      1. one per spikelet/
      2. two/
      3. several/

1. 34. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, whether markedly unequal in the intact

         spikelet; regardless of any differences in form>/
      1. very unequal <in length in the intact spikelet>/
      2. more or less equal <in length in the intact spikelet: generally
         includes ‘subequal’>/

1. 35. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, lengths relative to proximal

         (adjacent) lemmas; refers to the longer glume when glumes unequal>/
      1. <decidedly> shorter than the adjacent lemmas <in intact spikelets>/
      2. long relative to the adjacent lemmas <more or less equalling or
         exceeding them>/

1. 36. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, whether awned>/

      1. awned/
      2. awnless/

1. 37. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, whether carinate (i.e., one-keeled to

         middle or below)>/
      1. carinate <one-keeled>/
      2. non-carinate <includes forms with more than one keel, as well as those
         with non-keeled glumes>/

1. 38. upper glume <(or the single glume) of female-fertile spikelets, mid-zone

         nerve number>/
      nerved/

1. 39. <female-fertile> spikelets <whether containing sterile or male-only florets

         in addition to female-fertile florets>/
      1. <normally> with female-fertile florets only/
      2. <or at least some of them, normally> with incomplete <sterile or
         male-only> florets <note that the situation at the apex of spikelets
         with more than three florets is often unknown or unclear>/

1. 40. the incomplete <male or sterile> florets <position in spikelet>/

      1. proximal to the female-fertile florets/
      2. distal to the female-fertile florets/
      3. both distal and proximal to the female-fertile florets/

1. 41. the proximal incomplete florets <of the female-fertile spikelets, when

         present, number (intended mainly for panicoids)>/

1. 42. the proximal incomplete florets <of the female-fertile spikelets:

         sexuality>/
      1. male/
      2. sterile/

1. 43. the proximal <imperfect> lemmas <of the female-fertile spikelets: whether

         awned>/
      1. awned/
      2. awnless/

1. 44. <number of> female-fertile florets <per female-fertile spikelet>/

1. 45. <female-fertile> lemmas <shape of apex>/

      1. entire/
      2. incised/

1. 46. <female-fertile> lemmas <entire, whether pointed or blunt>/

      1. pointed/
      2. blunt/

1. 47. <female-fertile> lemmas <whether mucronate or awned>/

      1. awnless <neither mucronate nor awned>/
      2. mucronate <with a short, hard point or vestigial or incipient awn>/
      3. awned/

1. 48. awns <of female-fertile lemmas, if present, number>/

1. 49. awns <of female-fertile lemmas, position of (main, median)>/

      1. from a sinus/
      2. dorsal/
      3. apical/

1. 50. awns <of female-fertile lemmas, whether straight or geniculate when dry>/

      1. non-geniculate <straight or curved>/
      2. geniculate <usually twisted at the base>/

1. 51. awns <main, median of the female-fertile lemmas, relative length>/

      1. much shorter than the body of the lemma/
      2. about as long as the body of the lemma/
      3. much longer than the body of the lemma/

1. 52. <female-fertile> lemmas <whether carinate (i.e., one-keeled at least to the

         middle on the back>/
      1. carinate <with a single median keel>/
      2. non-carinate <rounded, flat, with two or more keels>/

1. 53. <female-fertile> lemmas <presence of germination flap>/

      1. with a clear germination flap <when mature>/
      2. without a germination flap/

1. 54. <female-fertile> lemmas <number of nerves traversing mid-region>/

      nerved/

1. 55. palea <female-fertile, presence in female-fertile florets>/

      1. present/
      2. absent/

1. 56. palea <female-fertile, relative size>/

      1. relatively long <three-quarters or more of female-fertile lemma length>/
      2. conspicuous but relatively short <less than three-quarters of
         female-fertile lemma length>/
      3. very reduced <or vestigial>/

1. 57. lodicules <presence in female-fertile florets>/

      1. present/
      2. absent/

1. 58. lodicules <of female-fertile florets, texture>/

      1. <distally> fleshy <‘cuneate’; panicoid type>/
      2. <distally> membranous <i.e. pooid type>/

1. 59. lodicules <of female-fertile florets, whether hairy>/

      1. ciliate <or hairy>/
      2. glabrous/

1. 60. stamens <number per female-fertile floret (not applicable to male spikelets

         or male florets)>/

1. 61. ovary <of female-fertile florets, whether apex glabrous or hairy>/

      1. glabrous/
      2. hairy/

1. 62. stigmas <number>/

1. 63. stigmas <colour, in chasmogamous spikelets>/

      1. white/
      2. red <anthocyanin> pigmented/
      3. <golden> brown/

1. 64. fruit <length when mature>/

      1. small <less than 4 mm>/
      2. medium sized <4–10 mm>/
      3. large <more than 10 mm long>/

1. 65. fruit <or grain surface pattern>/

      1. sculptured/
      2. <relatively> smooth <the near-universal condition: implicit>/

1. 66. hilum <form>/

      1. short <punctiform or shortly elliptical, less than half length of
         fruit>/
      2. long-linear <more than half as long as fruit>/

1. 67. pericarp <whether fused or loose (or free)>/

      1. free/
      2. loosely adherent <fairly easily removable when soaked>/
      3. fused <implicit, except in Arundinoideae and Chloridoideae>/

1. 68. <maximum cells-distant count; reliably indicative of photosynthetic pathway>/

      1. <showing a maximum cells-distant count of one, reliably predicting>
         C\sub{}4\nosupersub{}/
      2. <showing a maximum cells-distant count of two or more, reliably
         predicting> C\sub{}3\nosupersub{}/

1. 69. <C\sub{}4\nosupersub{}> biochemical type <as determined by enzyme assay>/

      1. PCK/
      2. NAD–ME/
      3. NADP–ME/

1. 70. <leaf blade XyMS: reliably indicative of C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} type>/

      1. XyMS+ <C\sub{}3\nosupersub{}, or C\sub{}4\nosupersub{}
         ‘aspartate formers’ type PCK or NAD–ME
         (exceptions: Eriachneae)>/
      2. XyMS– <C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} ‘malate formers’,
         type NADP–ME>/

1. 71. <leaf blade> mesophyll <presence of arm cells (= ‘ratchet’ cells)>/

      1. with arm cells/
      2. without arm cells <implicit when ts adequately described>/

1. 72. <leaf blade> mesophyll <presence of fusoid cells>/

      1. with fusoids/
      2. without fusoids <implicit when ts adequately described>/

1. 73. midrib <of the leaf blade, prominence>/

      1. conspicuous <prominent in the outline, with distinctive sclerenchyma, etc.>/
      2. not readily distinguishable <other than by position>/

1. 74. midrib <of the mid leaf blade, vascularization>/

      1. with one bundle only/
      2. having a conventional arc of bundles <i.e. at least three bundles>/
      3. having complex vascularization <i.e. with more than one bundle, not
         arranged in a conventional arc>/

1. 75. midrib <and/or middle part of leaf blade, whether extensively of colourless

         cells adaxially>/
      1. with <conspicuous> colourless tissue adaxially/
      2. without <conspicuous> colourless tissue adaxially <implicit when ts
         adequately described>/

1. 76. <presence in the leaf blade of small vascular bundles unaccompanied by sclerenchyma>/

      1. many of the smallest vascular bundles unaccompanied by sclerenchyma/
      2. all <or nearly all> the vascular bundles accompanied by sclerenchyma/

1. 77. <\i{}Zea mays\i0{}>/

      1. fruiting inflorescence a massive, spatheate cob, the fruits in many rows/
      2. fruiting inflorescence not as in maize <<implicit>>/

1. 78. <subfamily>/

      1. Pooideae/
      2. Bambusoideae/
      3. Arundinoideae/
      4. Chloridoideae/
      5. Panicoideae/

1. 79. <supertribes of Watson \i{}et al\i0{}. 1985, with name endings changed>/

      1. Triticodae/
      2. Poodae/
      3. Oryzodae/
      4. Bambusodae/
      5. Panicodae/
      6. Andropogonodae/

1. 80. <tribe of Pooideae>/

      1. Triticeae/
      2. Brachypodieae/
      3. Bromeae/
      4. Aveneae <including Agrostideae, Phalarideae>/
      5. Meliceae/
      6. Seslerieae/
      7. Poeae <including Hainardieae, Monermeae>/

1. 81. <tribe of Bambusoideae>/

      1. Oryzeae/
      2. Olyreae/
      3. Centotheceae/
      4. Anomochloeae/
      5. Brachyelytreae/
      6. Diarrheneae/
      7. Ehrharteae/
      8. Phaenospermateae/
      9. Phyllorhachideae/
      10. Phareae/
      11. Streptochaeteae/
      12. Streptogyneae/
      13. Guaduelleae/
      14. Puelieae/
      15. Bambuseae/

1. 82. <tribe of Arundinoideae>/

      1. Steyermarkochloeae/
      2. Stipeae/
      3. Nardeae/
      4. Lygeae/
      5. Arundineae/
      6. Danthonieae <and satellites>/
      7. Cyperochloeae/
      8. Micraireae/
      9. Spartochloeae/
      10. Aristideae/
      11. Eriachneae/
      12. Amphipogoneae/

1. 83. <tribe/assemblage of Chloridoideae>/

      1. Pappophoreae/
      2. Orcuttieae/
      3. Triodieae/
      4. main chloridoid assemblage <including Chlorideae, Cynodonteae,
         Eragrosteae, Sporoboleae, Aeluropodeae, Jouveae, Unioleae, Leptureae,
         Lappagineae, Spartineae, Trageae, Perotideae, Pommereulleae>/

1. 84. <tribe of Panicoideae>/

      1. Isachneae/
      2. Paniceae/
      3. Neurachneae/
      4. Arundinelleae/
      5. Andropogoneae/
      6. Maydeae/

1. 85. <number of species>/

      species/

1. 86. <floristic Kingdoms: after Takhtajan 1969>/

      1. Holarctic/
      2. Paleotropical/
      3. Neotropical/
      4. Cape/
      5. Australian/
      6. Antarctic/

1. 87. <leaf anatomical references>/

1. 88. <illustrations:>/

1. 89. <abbreviated taxon name:>/